同盟國佔領德國期間的強姦
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同盟國佔領德國期間的強姦,指二戰結束後盟軍對德國女性的強姦,包括蘇軍、美軍、英軍和法軍。長期以來此事在國際媒體上鮮受關注。[1][2][3]
蘇聯[編輯]
強姦主要發生在德國蘇占區。約2,000,000婦女被蘇聯紅軍強姦[4][5][6][7] 。根據史學家William Hitchcock的著述,很多婦女被輪奸,有些多達六七十次[8]。至少100,000名婦女在柏林被強姦[6],約10,000名婦女在之後死亡[9]。
美國[編輯]
J. Robert Lilly 估計11,040名婦女被美軍強姦[10]。D日美軍攻下法國後,繼續進攻德國,很多德國婦女在1945年被美軍強奸[11]。
英國[編輯]
按Sean Longden著述,英軍有憲兵隊審查軍紀,定期處理強姦報告,強姦規模遠小於蘇聯紅軍,但依舊零星發生強姦案件[12]。
他的著述提及1945年4月16日呂本山麓諾伊施塔特有3名婦女被英軍強姦[12]。
法國[編輯]
Perry Biddiscombe援引原始檔案估計法軍在康斯坦茨作了385起強姦案,在布魯赫薩爾約600起,在弗羅伊登施塔特約500起[13] 。三地總共約1,485起強姦。其他地區也有強姦傳聞,但數據不明。
引用文獻[編輯]
- ^ Allan Hall in Berlin. German women break their silence on horrors of Red Army rapes. Telegraph.co.uk. 24 October 2008 [10 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-28).
- ^ Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out. The Independent. [10 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-17).
- ^ Susanne Beyer. Harrowing Memoir: German Woman Writes Ground-Breaking Account of WW2 Rape. Spiegel.de. [10 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2010-03-01).
- ^ Heineman, Elizabeth. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity. American Historical Review. 1996, 101 (2): 354–395. JSTOR 2170395. doi:10.2307/2170395.
- ^ Kuwert, P.; Freyberger, H. The unspoken secret: Sexual violence in World War II. International Psychogeriatrics. 2007, 19 (4): 782–784. PMID 17726764. doi:10.1017/S1041610207005376.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 BBC - History - World Wars: The Battle for Berlin in World War Two. Bbc.co.uk. [10 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2020-02-04).
- ^ Heineman, Elizabeth. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's 'Crisis Years' and West German National Identity. Hanna Schissler (編). The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968. Princeton University Press. 2001: 28 [27 January 2018]. ISBN 0-691-05820-2. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-30).
- ^ Hitchcock, William I. The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present. Anchor Books. 2004 [2020-11-19]. ISBN 978-0-385-49799-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-04).
- ^ Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers October, Vol. 72, Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties" (Spring, 1995), pp. 42–63 MIT Press
- ^ Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II. J Robert Lilly. ISBN 978-0-230-50647-3 p.12
- ^ Harrington, Carol (2010). Politicization of Sexual Violence: From Abolitionism to Peacekeeping. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) London: Ashgate. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-7546-7458-4.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Longden, Sean. To the Victor the Spoils. Little, Brown Book Group. 25 July 2013: 140–141. ISBN 978-1-4721-1218-7.
- ^ Biddiscombe, Perry. Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948. Journal of Social History. 2001, 34 (3): 635. JSTOR 3789820. doi:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002.
相關條目[編輯]
強姦 |
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種類 |
影響和動機 |
各國情況 |
戰爭時期 |
法律 |
相關 |
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