盲鰻

盲鰻科; 化石時期：石炭紀至現代 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	六鰓黏盲鰻 Eptatretus hexatrema
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	圓口綱 Cyclostomata
目：	盲鰻目 Myxiniformes
科：	盲鰻科 Myxinidae; Rafinesque, 1815
亞科及屬
	見內文
異名
	Bdellostomatidae Gill, 1872; Homeidae Garman, 1899; 副盲鰻科 Paramyxinidae Berg, 1940; Diporobranchia Latreille, 1825;

盲鰻科（學名：Myxini），也稱盲鰻目（學名：Myxiniformes）、穿口蓋目（學名：Hyperotreti），是一類海洋脊椎動物，在食物鏈上屬於食腐動物。過去是無頜總綱之下的一目，現在則是無頜總綱下的圓口綱下的一亞綱。

分布[編輯]

盲鰻廣泛分布於全球三大洋的溫帶、亞熱帶和熱帶的海域,幾乎所有的種類生活在大陸架邊緣的深海中。^[3]

特徵[編輯]

盲鰻目是唯一已知的有頭骨但沒有脊椎的活體動物，儘管它們確實有未發育的椎骨，其的外形裸露且光滑柔軟，有一個半規管和嗅囊，在上皮組織有數個皮摺，嗅神經束（英語：Olfactory tract）是分離的，魚體前半段為圓柱狀，後半段則較側扁，如蛇狀。具有軟骨質頭骨和由角蛋白組成的齒狀結構。體色從粉紅色到藍灰色，可能存在黑色或白色斑點。其屬於早期具有感光能力之魚類，3隻眼睛受皮層包覆，只能測光暗而沒有視野可言；沒有明顯的骨骼、頭部跟眼肌，故只能靠口部有幾根肉質狀的短鬚來辨識。盲鰻的嘴在軟骨板上有兩對角質的梳狀牙齒，可以伸縮，這些牙齒用於抓住食物並將其拉向咽部^[4]，身體側的外鰓孔大約1至16對，黏液腺發達，受刺激時會分泌大量黏液以防禦捕食者^[5]。同時也是現存脊椎動物中較原始的一類，沒有上下頷，和近親八目鰻一樣口部都呈圓形，主要以生病、行動緩慢的魚類作為覓食對象。已知最古老的化石出現於大約3.1億年前的晚石炭世，現代典型代表種首次記錄在大約1億年前的白堊紀中期。

黏液[編輯]

盲鰻可以從專門的黏液孔分泌大量的乳狀纖維狀黏液，當釋放到海水中時，黏液會在0.4秒內膨脹到原來大小的10,000倍^[6]，盲鰻分泌的黏液具有非常細的纖維，使其比其他動物分泌的黏液更耐用、更易保持^[7]。纖維由蛋白質製成，也使黏液變得柔韌。如果被掠食者抓住，可以迅速釋放大量黏液來逃脫。如果它們仍然被捕獲，可以將自己打成一個反手結，然後從動物的頭部到尾部，刮掉粘液並將自己從捕獲者手中解救出來。

眼睛[編輯]

盲鰻的眼睛缺乏水晶體、眼外肌和更複雜的脊椎動物中常見的三種運動性顱神經，現存盲鰻也沒有頂眼^[8]^[9] ，眼睛部分被軀幹肌肉組織覆蓋。但從出土的化石顯示，在石炭紀出現有複雜眼睛構造的類似盲鰻的脊椎動物，證實盲鰻的眼睛並不是擬形的，而是退化^[10]^[11]。

分類[編輯]

†似盲鰻屬 Myxinikela Bardack 1991
†特提斯盲鰻屬 Tethymyxine Miyashita et al. 2019
紅盲鰻亞科 Rubicundinae Fernholm et al., 2013
- 紅盲鰻屬 Rubicundus Fernholm et al., 2013
  - 塔斯曼海紅盲鰻(Rubicundus eos)
  - 紫橙紅盲鰻(Rubicundus lakeside)
  - 美洲紅盲鰻(Rubicundus lopheliae)
  - 紅盲鰻(Rubicundus rubicundus)
黏盲鰻亞科 Eptatretinae Bonaparte, 1850
- 黏盲鰻屬 Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819
盲鰻亞科 Myxininae Nelson, 1976
- 盲鰻屬 Myxine Linnaeus, 1758
- 線盲鰻屬 Nemamyxine Richardson, 1958
- 新盲鰻屬 Neomyxine Richardson, 1953
- 南盲鰻屬 Notomyxine Nani & Gneri, 1951
  - 叉齒南盲鰻(Notomyxine tridentiger,Garman, 1899)

參考資料[編輯]

^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.
^ van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230. ISSN 1175-5326. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.
^ 邵廣昭; 陳靜怡. 魚類圖鑑 2003年12月1日初版一刷. 臺北市: 遠流. : 33. ISBN 957-32-5106-X （繁體中文）.
^ Hyperotreti 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-02-06.. Tree of Life
^ Zeng, Yu; Plachetzki, David C; Nieders, Kristen; Campbell, Hannah; Cartee, Marissa; Pankey, M Sabrina; Guillen, Kennedy; Fudge, Douglas. Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. eLife. 2023-03-10, 12. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10005773 . PMID 36897815. doi:10.7554/eLife.81405  （英語）.
^ Here’s how hagfish slime gets 10,000 times bigger in 0.4 seconds
^ Fudge, Douglas; Levy, Nimrod; Chiu, Scott; Gosline, John. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. S2CID 16606815. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
^ Ostrander, Gary Kent. The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. 2000: 129–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.
^ Keeping an eye on evolution. PhysOrg.com. 2007-12-03 [2007-12-04].
^ Gabbott, S.E; Donoghu, P.C; et al, Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2016, 283 (1836): 20161151, PMC 5013770 , PMID 27488650, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151
^ Bardack, D, First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, Science, 1991, 254 (5032): 701–3, Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B, PMID 17774799, S2CID 43062184, doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701

延伸閲讀[編輯]

Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Myxinidae. FishBase. Version 2011-02.
Bardack, D. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1991, 254 (5032): 701–703. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B. PMID 17774799. doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701.
Bardack, D.; Richardson, E. S. Jr. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology. 1977, 33: 489–510. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5167.
Brodal, A. and Fänge, R. (ed.) (1963). The Biology of Myxine, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
Fernholm, B.; Holmberg, K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975, 15 (2): 253–259. PMID 1129982. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1.
Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165–259. Academic Press, London.
Janvier, P. (1996). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Marinelli, Wilhelm. Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere: 2. Lieferung. Myxine glutinosa (L.). Franz Deuticke. 1956.
Yalden, D.W. Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 84 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01802.x.
Stock, D. W.; Whitt, G. S. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science. 1992, 257 (5071): 787–789. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..787S. PMID 1496398. doi:10.1126/science.1496398.
Mincarone, Michael M.; Stewart, Andrew L. A new species of giant seven-gilled hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) from New Zealand. Copeia. 2006, 2006 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2.
J.M. Jørgensen; J.P. Lomholt; R.E. Weber; H. Malte (編). The biology of hagfishes. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997.
Delarbre, C; et al. Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 184–192. PMID 11820840. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045.
Bondareva; Schmidt, EE. Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2003, 20 (11): 1932–1939. PMC 2577151 . PMID 12885957. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg205.
Ewoldt, R. H., Winegard, T. M. and Fudge D. S. (2010). Non-linear viscoelasticity of hagfish slime. Int. J. Lin. Mech. 46: 627–636.
Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime Nature Australia, Spring 2001 ed., Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. pp. 61–69.
Fudge, D. S.; Gardner, K. H.; Forsyth, V. T.; Riekel, C.; Gosline, J. M. The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: Insights from hagfish gland thread cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003, 85 (3): 2015–2027. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.2015F. PMC 1303373 . PMID 12944314. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74629-3.
Fudge, D. S.; Hillis, S.; Levy, N.; Gosline, J. M. Hagfish slime threads as a biomimetic model for high performance protein fibres (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2010, 5 (3): 1–8. Bibcode:2010BiBi....5c5002F. PMID 20729569. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/035002. ^{[永久失效連結]}
Fudge, D. S.; Levy, N.; Chiu, S.; Gosline, J. M. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
Winegard, T. M.; Fudge, D. S. Deployment of hagfish slime thread skeins requires the transmission of mixing forces via mucin strands. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010, 213 (8): 1235–1240. PMID 20348334. doi:10.1242/jeb.038075.

參閲[編輯]

系統寄生蟲學期刊（英語：Systematic Parasitology）
盲鰻刺鰠(Acanthochondria eptatreti (Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014))
刺鰠屬（英語：Acanthochondria）(Acanthochondria)

外部連結[編輯]

FishBase entry for Myxinidae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Metacafe video of a University of Alberta grad student showing slime production of hagfish while in Bamfield, British Columbia （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Beware the hagfish – repeller of sharks 3 News, 28 Oct 2011. Video.
Hagfish versus sharks : 1-0 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Te Papa Blog, 28 October 2011.
Teen Spots Hagfish-Slurping Elephant Seal – YouTube （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2:11)
What happens when a shark attacks a hagfish – BBC （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (0:39)
Vancouver Aquarium Hagfish Slime （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
盲鰻科之科解說（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
盲鰻新發現 - 國家地理雜誌
盲鰻刺魚蚤 Species Acanthochondria eptatreti Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014

[Nelson-1] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.

[van_der_Laan_et_al.-2] van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230. ISSN 1175-5326. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.

[book1-3] 邵廣昭; 陳靜怡. 魚類圖鑑 2003年12月1日初版一刷. 臺北市: 遠流. : 33. ISBN 957-32-5106-X （繁體中文）.

[r1-4] Hyperotreti 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-02-06.. Tree of Life

[:5-5] Zeng, Yu; Plachetzki, David C; Nieders, Kristen; Campbell, Hannah; Cartee, Marissa; Pankey, M Sabrina; Guillen, Kennedy; Fudge, Douglas. Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. eLife. 2023-03-10, 12. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10005773 . PMID 36897815. doi:10.7554/eLife.81405  （英語）.

[6] Here’s how hagfish slime gets 10,000 times bigger in 0.4 seconds

[7] Fudge, Douglas; Levy, Nimrod; Chiu, Scott; Gosline, John. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. S2CID 16606815. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.

[8] Ostrander, Gary Kent. The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. 2000: 129–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.

[9] Keeping an eye on evolution. PhysOrg.com. 2007-12-03 [2007-12-04].

[10] Gabbott, S.E; Donoghu, P.C; et al, Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2016, 283 (1836): 20161151, PMC 5013770 , PMID 27488650, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151

[11] Bardack, D, First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, Science, 1991, 254 (5032): 701–3, Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B, PMID 17774799, S2CID 43062184, doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701

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