盲鳗
盲鳗科 化石时期：
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| 六鳃黏盲鳗 Eptatretus hexatrema | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 圆口纲 Cyclostomata |
| 目： | 盲鳗目 Myxiniformes |
| 科： | 盲鳗科 Myxinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| 亚科及属[1] | |
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见内文 | |
| 异名 | |
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盲鳗科（学名：Myxini），也称盲鳗目（学名：Myxiniformes）、穿口盖目（学名：Hyperotreti），是一类海洋脊椎动物，在食物链上属于食腐动物。过去是无颌总纲之下的一目，现在则是无颌总纲下的圆口纲下的一亚纲。
分布[编辑]
盲鳗广泛分布于全球三大洋的温带、亚热带和热带的海域,几乎所有的种类生活在大陆架边缘的深海中。[3]
特征[编辑]
盲鳗目是唯一已知的有头骨但没有脊椎的活体动物，尽管它们确实有未发育的椎骨，其的外形裸露且光滑柔软，有一个半规管和嗅囊，在上皮组织有数个皮折，嗅神经束是分离的，鱼体前半段为圆柱状，后半段则较侧扁，如蛇状。具有软骨质头骨和由角蛋白组成的齿状结构。体色从粉红色到蓝灰色，可能存在黑色或白色斑点。其属于早期具有感光能力之鱼类，3只眼睛受皮层包覆，只能测光暗而没有视野可言；没有明显的骨骼、头部跟眼肌，故只能靠口部有几根肉质状的短须来辨识。盲鳗的嘴在软骨板上有两对角质的梳状牙齿，可以伸缩，这些牙齿用于抓住食物并将其拉向咽部[4]，身体侧的外鳃孔大约1至16对，黏液腺发达，受刺激时会分泌大量黏液以防御捕食者[5]。同时也是现存脊椎动物中较原始的一类，没有上下颔，和近亲八目鳗一样口部都呈圆形，主要以生病、行动缓慢的鱼类作为觅食对象。已知最古老的化石出现于大约3.1亿年前的晚石炭世，现代典型代表种首次记录在大约1亿年前的白垩纪中期。
黏液[编辑]
盲鳗可以从专门的黏液孔分泌大量的乳状纤维状黏液，当释放到海水中时，黏液会在0.4秒内膨胀到原来大小的10,000倍[6]，盲鳗分泌的黏液具有非常细的纤维，使其比其他动物分泌的黏液更耐用、更易保持[7]。纤维由蛋白质制成，也使黏液变得柔韧。如果被掠食者抓住，可以迅速释放大量黏液来逃脱。如果它们仍然被捕获，可以将自己打成一个反手结，然后从动物的头部到尾部，刮掉粘液并将自己从捕获者手中解救出来。
眼睛[编辑]
盲鳗的眼睛缺乏水晶体、眼外肌和更复杂的脊椎动物中常见的三种运动性颅神经，现存盲鳗也没有顶眼[8][9] ，眼睛部分被躯干肌肉组织覆盖。但从出土的化石显示，在石炭纪出现有复杂眼睛构造的类似盲鳗的脊椎动物，证实盲鳗的眼睛并不是拟形的，而是退化[10][11]。
分类[编辑]
- †似盲鳗属 Myxinikela Bardack 1991
- †特提斯盲鳗属 Tethymyxine Miyashita et al. 2019
- 红盲鳗亚科 Rubicundinae Fernholm et al., 2013
- 黏盲鳗亚科 Eptatretinae Bonaparte, 1850
- 黏盲鳗属 Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819
- 盲鳗亚科 Myxininae Nelson, 1976
参考资料[编辑]
- ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.
- ^ van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230. ISSN 1175-5326. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.
- ^ 邵广昭; 陈静怡. 魚類圖鑑 2003年12月1日初版一刷. 台北市: 远流. : 33. ISBN 957-32-5106-X （繁体中文）.
- ^ Hyperotreti 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-02-06.. Tree of Life
- ^ Zeng, Yu; Plachetzki, David C; Nieders, Kristen; Campbell, Hannah; Cartee, Marissa; Pankey, M Sabrina; Guillen, Kennedy; Fudge, Douglas. Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. eLife. 2023-03-10, 12. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10005773
. PMID 36897815. doi:10.7554/eLife.81405 （英语）.
- ^ Here’s how hagfish slime gets 10,000 times bigger in 0.4 seconds
- ^ Fudge, Douglas; Levy, Nimrod; Chiu, Scott; Gosline, John. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. S2CID 16606815. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- ^ Ostrander, Gary Kent. The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. 2000: 129–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.
- ^ Keeping an eye on evolution. PhysOrg.com. 2007-12-03 [2007-12-04].
- ^ Gabbott, S.E; Donoghu, P.C; et al, Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2016, 283 (1836): 20161151, PMC 5013770 , PMID 27488650, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151
- ^ Bardack, D, First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, Science, 1991, 254 (5032): 701–3, Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B, PMID 17774799, S2CID 43062184, doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Myxinidae. FishBase. Version 2011-02.
- Bardack, D. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1991, 254 (5032): 701–703. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B. PMID 17774799. doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701.
- Bardack, D.; Richardson, E. S. Jr. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology. 1977, 33: 489–510. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5167.
- Brodal, A. and Fänge, R. (ed.) (1963). The Biology of Myxine, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
- Fernholm, B.; Holmberg, K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975, 15 (2): 253–259. PMID 1129982. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1.
- Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165–259. Academic Press, London.
- Janvier, P. (1996). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Marinelli, Wilhelm. Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere: 2. Lieferung. Myxine glutinosa (L.). Franz Deuticke. 1956.
- Yalden, D.W. Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 84 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01802.x.
- Stock, D. W.; Whitt, G. S. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science. 1992, 257 (5071): 787–789. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..787S. PMID 1496398. doi:10.1126/science.1496398.
- Mincarone, Michael M.; Stewart, Andrew L. A new species of giant seven-gilled hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) from New Zealand. Copeia. 2006, 2006 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2.
- J.M. Jørgensen; J.P. Lomholt; R.E. Weber; H. Malte (编). The biology of hagfishes. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997.
- Delarbre, C; et al. Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 184–192. PMID 11820840. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045.
- Bondareva; Schmidt, EE. Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2003, 20 (11): 1932–1939. PMC 2577151 . PMID 12885957. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg205.
- Ewoldt, R. H., Winegard, T. M. and Fudge D. S. (2010). Non-linear viscoelasticity of hagfish slime. Int. J. Lin. Mech. 46: 627–636.
- Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime Nature Australia, Spring 2001 ed., Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. pp. 61–69.
- Fudge, D. S.; Gardner, K. H.; Forsyth, V. T.; Riekel, C.; Gosline, J. M. The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: Insights from hagfish gland thread cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003, 85 (3): 2015–2027. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.2015F. PMC 1303373 . PMID 12944314. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74629-3.
- Fudge, D. S.; Hillis, S.; Levy, N.; Gosline, J. M. Hagfish slime threads as a biomimetic model for high performance protein fibres (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2010, 5 (3): 1–8. Bibcode:2010BiBi....5c5002F. PMID 20729569. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/035002.[永久失效链接]
- Fudge, D. S.; Levy, N.; Chiu, S.; Gosline, J. M. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- Winegard, T. M.; Fudge, D. S. Deployment of hagfish slime thread skeins requires the transmission of mixing forces via mucin strands. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010, 213 (8): 1235–1240. PMID 20348334. doi:10.1242/jeb.038075.
参阅[编辑]
外部链接[编辑]
- FishBase entry for Myxinidae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Metacafe video of a University of Alberta grad student showing slime production of hagfish while in Bamfield, British Columbia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Beware the hagfish – repeller of sharks 3 News, 28 Oct 2011. Video.
- Hagfish versus sharks : 1-0 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Te Papa Blog, 28 October 2011.
- Teen Spots Hagfish-Slurping Elephant Seal – YouTube （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (2:11)
- What happens when a shark attacks a hagfish – BBC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (0:39)
- Vancouver Aquarium Hagfish Slime （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- 盲鳗科之科解说 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- 盲鳗新发现 - 国家地理杂志
- 盲鳗刺鱼蚤 Species Acanthochondria eptatreti Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014
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